Arewolves justwaspswith teeth?What invertebrates can teach us about mammal top predators

Article history: Received 8 December 2015 Received in revised form 26 July 2016 Accepted 17 September 2016 Available online 20 September 2016 Manipulative experiments are rarely possible with large predatory mammals. However, field manipulations of predatory arthropods are common and could provide general insights into top-predator impacts. For example, observational studies suggest that conserving dingoes might indirectly benefit Australian small mammal populations. This is consistent with the effects of praying mantids in eastern U.S. meadows, where mantids indirectly benefit smaller herbivores by eating herbivorous competitors and dangerous mesopredators. However, in other cases predatory arthropods yield only occasional or context-dependent benefits to smaller prey, or even harm them; this suggests caution in assuming universal benefits of dingo conservation. Likewise, some experimental manipulations of predatory arthropods suggest that increasing plant diversity could protect African wild dogs from larger predatory mammals that steal their prey. However, other studies suggest that mesopredators may actually be harmed when the foraging environment becomes more complex. Finally, work with predatory spiders supports the idea that wolves, newly restored to the western U.S., might indirectly benefit some native plants by altering herbivore foraging patterns. However, otherwork suggests indirect, behaviorally-mediated effects on prey and plants that fall well outside of this type of simple, linear predator-herbivore-plant interaction chain. In summary, top predators that differ in size by orders of magnitude might impact their communities in broadly similar ways. At the same time, work with predatory arthropods indicates that subtle differences in ecological context can yield broadly different outcomes that also must be considered during top-predator conservation. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.